Astronomers have discovered a super-Jupiter orbiting its young star on a surprisingly wide orbit. How did it get there?

Scientists have just obtained images of giant planet around a young star about 360 light-years away in the southern constellation Musca, the Fly. The planet is a gas giant, not an unusual find in itself. However, it’s located about 110 times farther from its star than Earth is from the Sun, and astronomers are puzzled how such a large planet could have formed so far from its star. Their findings will appear in Astronomy & Astrophysics (preprint available here). The planet, YSES 2b, was found as part of the Young Suns Exoplanet Survey (YSES), which began monitoring 70 stars resembling the infant Sun in 2017. The survey uses the Very Large Telescope of the European Southern Observatory in Chile, making use of SPHERE instrument to block light from stars so that surrounding planets can be seen directly. Because this is a young system, just 14 million years old, the planet itself is still glowing with infrared radiation as it cools and shrinks. The researchers found that the planet has a mass of about six Jupiters. Normally, planets of comparable mass form closer to their star via core accretion. During this process, dust particles from the protoplanetary disk stick to each other to form small rocky cores, which then gather large gaseous envelopes around themselves. Most astronomers think the solar system’s planets formed in this way, though there are still some open questions about the details.

But due to its distance, YSES 2b can’t have formed this way. Grains in the disk tend to flow inward, so they would not last long enough on the disk’s outskirts for the gradual process of core accretion to take place. “At distances this far away from the star, core accretion could not produce a planetary core that is massive enough to accrete a gaseous atmosphere,” says lead researcher Alexander Bohn (Leiden University, The Netherlands).

Alternatively, YSES 2b might have formed by gravitational instability. According to this scenario, denser regions of the star’s disk suddenly collapse in on themselves to form the core of a planet. The problem with this model, says Bohn, is that computer simulations show that gravitational instability would create much more massive objects: brown dwarfs with the mass of at least 13 Jupiters.

But Ken Rice (University of Edinburgh, UK), who was not involved in the study, disagrees. “It is true that we might expect planets that form via gravitational instability often to grow to become brown dwarfs,” he says. “But computer simulations actually show that they probably start as less massive objects (maybe a few Jupiter masses) and so it certainly seems possible for gravitational instability to form something with a mass of around 6 Jupiter masses.”

Bohn’s group, however, thinks that a third scenario might be at play. It’s possible, he says, that that YSES 2b was formed through core accretion closer to its star — but the gravitational pull of another planet then pulled it to a farther-out orbit. To confirm this process, the scientists would have to discover another planet. They hope further observations will give them that opportunity.